1. Te peita
-Whakamāramatanga: Ko te peita he kupu whānui mō ngā mahi e mahia ana hei hanga i tētahi kiriata paninga mā te whakamahi i te peita hei uhi i te mata o tētahi mea hei tiaki me te ātaahua, me ētahi atu.
-Te Kaupapa: Ehara i te mea ko te ātaahua anake te kaupapa o te peita, engari he tiaki hoki, ā, nō reira, he whakapai ake i te kounga o te hua.
1) Parenga: Ko te nuinga o ngā rauemi matua e hanga ana i ngā motuka he pereti rino, ā, ina hangaia he waka me te pereti rino hei uhi, ka tauhohe ki te makuku, ki te hāora rānei i te rangi hei whakaputa waikura. Ko te kaupapa nui o te peita ko te tiaki i te mea mā te ārai i taua waikura (waikura).
2) Ataahua: He maha ngā momo mata me ngā rārangi o te āhua o te motuka pērā i ngā mata toru-ahu, ngā mata papatahi, ngā mata piko, ngā rārangi tika, me ngā piko. Mā te peita i tētahi āhua uaua pēnei, ka whakaatuhia he tae e ōrite ana ki te āhua o te motuka, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ataahua o te motuka i te wā kotahi.
3) Te Whakapai Ake i te Āhua Hokohoko: I tēnei wā, he maha ngā momo motuka kei te mākete, engari i roto i ēnei, ina whakaritea ngā motuka he āhua kotahi me te mahi kotahi, hei tauira, ko te mea he peita tae-rua te āhua, ka pai ake te ahua. Mā tēnei huarahi, ko tētahi o ngā whāinga ko te whakapai ake i te uara o te hua mā te peita. Hei tāpiri, me mau tonu te āhua o waho o ngā motuka nā ngā huringa tere o te taiao. Hei tauira, kei te piki haere te hiahia mō ngā peita mahi hei ārai i te kino o te kiriata paninga i puta mai i te ua waikawa me te hekenga o te kanapa tuatahi i puta mai i ngā paraihe horoi motuka aunoa, ā, ka pai ake te āhua hokohoko.E whakamahia ana te peita aunoa me te peita ā-ringa i runga i ngā whakaritenga kounga paninga.
2. Te hanganga o te peitaTe Hanganga o te Peini He wai matotoru te peini, kei roto ngā wāhanga e toru o te tae, te kapia, me te whakarewa e whakaranua ana (e marara ana).
- Tae: He paura tae kāore e memeha i roto i ngā whakarewa, i te wai rānei. Ko te rerekētanga mai i ngā tae, ka marara noa iho hei matūriki, engari kāore e memeha i roto i te wai, i ngā whakarewa rānei. Ko te rahi o te matūriki mai i ētahi maikiromita ki ētahi tekau maikiromita. Heoi anō, he maha ngā āhua, pērā i te āhua porowhita, te āhua rākau, te āhua ngira, me te āhua papatahi. He paura (paura) e homai ana i te tae (mana tae) me te mana huna (te kaha ki te hipoki me te huna i te mata o tētahi mea mā te kore e mārama) ki te kiriata paninga, ā, e rua ngā momo: he mea kore-waro me he mea waro. Ko te tae), te whakakanapa, me ngā tae whakaroa e whakamahia ana hei whakapai ake i te āhua o te whenua. Ko ngā peita kore-tae me te mārama e kiia ana he mārama i roto i ngā peita, ina tangohia ngā tae mai i ngā wāhanga e hanga ana i ngā peita,
E whakamahia ana hei hoatu i te kanapa ki te kiriata paninga.
1) Te mahi a te tae
* Ngā tae: te tuku tae, te huna i te mana
haere. Ngā tae kore-waro: Ko te nuinga o ēnei he tae taiao pērā i te mā, te kōwhai, me te parauri whero. He matū whakarewa pērā i te konutea, te titanium, te rino mata, te parahi, me ētahi atu. I te nuinga o te wā, he tino ātete ki te huarere me te ātete ki te wera, engari mō te kanapa o te tae, kāore i te rite te pai ki ngā tae waro. Hei peita mō ngā motuka, kāore he tae kore-waro anake e whakamahia. Hei tāpiri, mai i te tirohanga ki te aukati i te parahanga taiao, kāore e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā ngā tae kei roto ngā konganuku taumaha kino pērā i te cadmium me te chromium.
koe. Tae waro: Ka hangaia mā te hanga waro mā te tauhohenga matū ā-wā, ā, he matū i hangaia mai i tētahi matū whakarewa, i tōna āhua tūturu rānei. I te nuinga o te wā, kāore i te tino pai te āhuatanga huna, engari nā te mea ka puta he tae mārama, ka whakamahia whānuitia mō te peita kanapa o te tae totoka, te tae whakarewa, me te tae mika hei peita mō te taha waho o ngā motuka.
* Tae ārai-waikura: te ārai i te waikura
* Tae Whakaroa: Ka taea te tiki i tētahi kiriata paninga mārō, hei ārai i te pirau o te kiriata paninga, hei whakapai ake hoki i te pakari.
- Resin: He wai mārama e hono ana i te tae me te tae, ā, e homai ana he kanapa, he pakeke, he piri ki te kiriata paninga. Ko tētahi atu ingoa e kiia ana ko te mea here. Ko ngā āhuatanga maroke me te pakari o te kiriata paninga e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te resin.
1) Te kapia tūturu: Ka tangohia mai i ngā tipu te nuinga, ka whakamahia mō ngā peita pēnei i te wanihi hinu, te wanihi, me te riniki.
2) Te kapia hangai: He kupu whānui tēnei mō ngā mea i hangaia mā roto i ngā tauhohenga matū mai i ngā rauemi mata matū. He matū rauropi tēnei he nui rawa te taumaha ngota i whakaritea ki ngā kapia tūturu. Hei tāpiri, ka wehea ngā kapia hangai ki ngā kapia werawera (ka whakangawari, ka rewa ina wera) me ngā kapia werawera (ka whakapakeke mā te tauhohenga matū mā te whakamahi wera, ā, kāore e whakangawari, e rewa ahakoa ka wera anō i muri i te whakamatao).
- Whakarewa: He wai mārama e whakarewa ana i te kapia kia ngāwari ai te whakaranu i te tae me te kapia. I muri i te peita, ka mimiti pērā i te mea angiangi, ā, kāore e toe ki runga i te kiriata paninga.
Cpeita ar
1. Tirohanga Whānui me te Whakamāramatanga o ngā PeitaMai i te tirohanga o te whakarato i ngā 'āhuatanga ārai waikura (ārai waikura)' me ngā 'āhuatanga ataahua', kua whai wāhi ngā peita motuka ki te whakapai ake i te hokohoko o ngā motuka mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou o te wā. I roto i ngā taonga kounga e whai ake nei, kua hangaia ngā peita me ngā pūnaha paninga kia tutuki ai ēnei āhuatanga paninga i te huarahi tino ohanga.
He rere noa ngā peita i te nuinga o te wā, ā, ko te āhua o te paninga ki te mata o te mea e pania ana, ka hanga he kiriata tonu (kiriata paninga) mā roto i ngā tukanga whakamaroke me te whakamaroke. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te kiriata paninga i hangaia pēnei, ka whakawhiwhia te 'ārai waikura' me te 'kirihou' ki te mea e pania ana.
2. Te tukanga peita wakaHei whakatutuki i te kounga paninga o te motuka e hiahiatia ana i roto i te huarahi tino ohanga, ka whakatakotoria te tukanga paninga me ngā whakaritenga paninga, ā, ka tohaina ia kounga nui ki te kiriata paninga i whiwhihia i roto i ia tukanga. Hei tāpiri, i te mea ko ngā āhuatanga o te kiriata paninga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pai me te kino o te mahi tukanga, ka hangaia te peita e whakamahia ana i roto i ia tukanga kia taea ai te whakanui ake i te mahi matua kua tohaina me te whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga.He tino āta whakahaeretia te tono i roto i te toa peita.
Ko te tukanga i runga ake nei he pūnaha paninga 3-panana, 4-panana rānei e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te paninga o ngā panera o waho o ngā motuka, ā, ko te kiriata paninga i hangaia i roto i ia tukanga e whakaatu ana i ngā mahi ka whakaahuatia i muri mai, ā, ka whakatū i te kounga paninga o ngā motuka hei pūnaha paninga whānui. I roto i ngā taraka me ngā waka māmā, tera ētahi wā ka whakamahia he pūnaha paninga e rua-panana e kore ai e whakamahia he taahiraa waenga i te taahiraa paninga. Waihoki, i roto i ngā motuka papai, ka taea te whakatutuki i te kounga pai ake mā te paninga rua i te paninga waenga, i te paninga o runga rānei.
I ngā wā tata nei anō hoki, kua rangahaua, kua whakamahia hoki tētahi tukanga hei whakaiti i te utu paninga mā te whakauru i ngā tukanga paninga o waenganui me o runga.
- Tukanga maimoatanga mata: Ka whakapai ake i te aukati waikura mā te pehi i te tauhohenga waikura o te konganuku me te whakapakari i te piri i waenga i te paninga o raro (kiriata whakapūnga hiko) me te rauemi (papa). I tēnei wā, ko te konutea phosphate te wāhanga matua o te kiriata, ā, ko te tikanga maimoatanga tō te mea matua kia taea ai te rongoā i ngā wāhanga he hanganga uaua. Ina koa, mō te whakapūnga hiko cationic, ka whakaranua ngā konganuku pēnei i te Fe, Ni, me te Mn ehara i te Zn ki roto i te paninga hei whakapai ake i te ātete waikura.
- Paninga whakapūnga hiko (Pani whakapūnga hiko momo Cathion): He rite tonu te mahi a te paninga raro ki te ārai waikura. Haunga ngā āhuatanga ārai waikura pai rawa atu, kei te peita whakapūnga hiko cationic i runga i te kapia epoxy ngā painga e whai ake nei i roto i te paninga raro motuka. ① Kāore he waikura o te kiriata kua rongoatia ki te konutea phosphate i te wā e pania ana te whakapūnga hiko. ② Te pānga aukati i te tauhohenga waikura nā te mea he taketake i roto i te hanganga kapia ③ He āhuatanga ārai waikura pai rawa atu nā te mea he pai te pupuri i te piri nā te ātete nui o te kapia epoxy.
1) Ngā Painga o te Whakatakotoranga Hiko Kationika
* Ahakoa ngā āhua uaua, ka taea te pani ki te matotoru kiriata ōrite
* He tino pai te uru ki roto i ngā wāhanga me ngā hononga uaua.
* Te peita aunoa
* He ngāwari te tiaki me te whakahaere i te raina.
* He pai te mahi peita.
* Ka taea te whakamahi i te pūnaha horoi wai UF (he iti ake te ngaronga o te peita, he iti ake hoki te parahanga o te wai para)
* He iti te nui o te whakarewa, he iti hoki te parahanga o te hau.
* He peita wai tēnei, ā, he iti noa te mōrearea o te ahi.
2) Peita whakanoho hiko cationic: I te nuinga o te wā, he kapia polyamino i whiwhihia mā te tāpiri i ngā amine tuatahi ki ngā amine quaternary ki te kapia epoxy. Ka whakakorengia ki te waikawa (waikawa acetic) kia wairewa ai. Hei tāpiri, ko te tikanga whakamaroke o te kiriata paninga he momo tauhohenga hononga urethane mā te whakamahi i te Isocyanate Poraka hei kaihoko whakamaroke.
3) Te whakapai ake i te mahi a te peita whakanoho hiko: Kua horapa puta noa i te ao hei paninga raro waka, engari kei te haere tonu te rangahau me te whanaketanga ki te whakapai ake i te kounga ārai-waikura o te waka katoa me te kounga o te paninga.
* Mahi ārai waikura/paparanga tiaki
haere. Āhuatanga paninga tino pai, ātete urunga o ngā hononga, ātete maramara
koe. Te āheinga ki te ārai i te waikura o te pepa maitai (piripiri ātete wai, ātete hurihuri)
mahi. Te whakapakeketanga i te pāmahana iti (Te ātete ki te waikura o ngā wāhanga e piri ana ki te rapa, me ētahi atu)
* Mahi whakapaipai/whakapaipai
haere. Ngā āhuatanga paninga o te taratara o te pereti maitai (ka whai wāhi ki te whakapai ake i te maeneene me te kanapa, me ētahi atu)
koe. Ātete ki te kōwhai (te aukati i te kōwhai o te papa ma)
- Panana Waenga: He mahi āwhina tā te paninga waenga hei whakanui ake i te mahi ārai waikura o te paninga raro (whakapūtanga hiko) me te mahi whakapiri o te paninga o runga, ā, he mahi hei whakapai ake i te kounga peita o te pūnaha peita katoa. Hei tāpiri, kei te whai wāhi te tukanga paninga waenga ki te whakaiti i ngā hapa paninga nā te mea ka hipokina ngā hapa kāore e taea te karo o te paninga raro (ngā rakuraku, te piri puehu, me ētahi atu) ki tētahi taumata i roto i te raina peita tuturu.
Ko te peita waenga he momo peita e whakamahi ana i te kapia polyester kore-hinu hei kapia taketake, ā, ka whakamarokehia mā te wera mā te whakauru i te kapia melamine, ā, nō nā tata nei ko te urethane (Bl). Nō nā tata nei, hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te pakaru, ka pania te paninga pakaru ki te wai mākū i waenganui o te tukanga.
1) Te pakari o te paninga waenga
* Ātete wai: he iti te mimiti, ā, ka ārai i te puta o ngā mirumiru
* Ātete pakaru: Ka mimiti i te kaha pānga ina whiua te kōhatu, ka whakaiti i te kino ki te kiriata paninga e arahi ana ki te haruru, ā, ka pehi hoki i te putanga mai o te waikura papaka.
* Ātete ki te huarere: He iti ake te pirau i ngā hihi UV, ā, ka ārai i te kiri e tihore ana i te paparanga o runga i te wā e kitea ana i waho.
2) Te mahi paninga o te paninga waenga
* Āhuatanga paninga raro: Ka whai wāhi ki te whakangawari i te taha waho kua oti mā te hipoki i te taratara o te mata o te paninga whakanoho hiko
* Ātete whakarewa: Mā te pehi i te pupuhi me te whakarewa o te paninga waenga e pā ana ki te whakarewa o te paninga o runga, ka puta he kounga āhua rerekē teitei.
* Te whakarerekētanga tae: He hina te nuinga o te wā i te paninga o waenganui, engari i ēnei rā kua taea te pani i tētahi paninga o runga he iti nei ngā āhuatanga huna mā te tae (hiri tae).
3) Peita waenga
*Te kounga e hiahiatia ana mō te paninga waenga: te ātete ki te pakaru, te āhuatanga huna o te turanga, te piri ki te kiriata whakanoho hiko, te maeneene, te kore e ngaro te mārama, te piri ki te paninga o runga, te ātete ki te pirau o te mārama
- Pania ki runga: Ko te mahi nui a te pania ki runga ko te whakarato i ngā āhuatanga whakapaipai me te tiaki me te pupuri i taua mea. He mea kounga teitei pērā i te tae, te maeneene o te mata, te kanapa, me te kounga o te ahua (te kaha ki te whakamārama mārama i te ahua o tētahi mea i roto i te kiriata paninga). Hei tāpiri, ko te kaha ki te tiaki me te pupuri i te ataahua o aua motuka mō te wā roa e hiahiatia ana mō te paninga ki runga.
- Pania ki runga: Ko te mahi nui a te pania ki runga ko te whakarato i ngā āhuatanga whakapaipai me te tiaki me te pupuri i taua mea. He mea kounga teitei pērā i te tae, te maeneene o te mata, te kanapa, me te kounga o te ahua (te kaha ki te whakamārama mārama i te ahua o tētahi mea i roto i te kiriata paninga). Hei tāpiri, ko te kaha ki te tiaki me te pupuri i te ataahua o aua motuka mō te wā roa e hiahiatia ana mō te paninga ki runga.
1) Panana o runga: Ka whakarōpūtia ngā tae i runga i te turanga tae i pania ki te peita, ā, ka wehea whānuitia ki te tae mika, te tae konganuku me te tae totoka i runga i te whakamahinga o ngā tae maramara pēnei i te maramara paura konumohe.
* Te kounga o te āhua: maeneene, kanapa, kanapa, āhua whenua
* Te pakari: te tiaki me te tiaki i te kanapa, te hurihanga o te tae, te memeha haere
* Piripiri: Piripiri paninga anō, piripiri tae-rua, piripiri ki te reo
* Ātete whakarewa
* Ātete matū
* Kounga mahi: ātete horoi waka, ātete ua waikawa, ātete maramara
2) He peita e pai ana mō te taiao
* Tino Totoka: He peita tino totoka tēnei e aro ana ki ngā ture VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds), ā, he momo e whakaiti ana i te nui o te whakarewa waro e whakamahia ana. He tino pai te āhua o te whenua, ā, he iti te taumaha o te kapia irahiko e whakamahia ana.
* Momo Pūwero Wai (peita wai): He peita tēnei e whakaiti ana i te nui o te whakarewa waro e whakamahia ana, ā, e whakamahi ana i te wai (wai parakore) hei whakarewa peita. Hei āhuatanga, me whai wāhi whakamahana mua (IR_Preheat) ka taea te mimiti i te wai i roto i te tukanga peita, nō reira me whakahou te whare, ā, me whai tikanga hiko anō hoki te pūwero mō te peita wai.
3) Peita mahi
* CCS (Pūnaha Hononga Matatini, peita momo hononga matatini): He momo kapia urethane (isocyanate) he kapia silane rānei, ka whakakapia tētahi wāhanga o te kapia melamine, e ngoikore ana ki te ua waikawa i roto i te pūnaha kapia acrylic/melamine, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ātete waikawa me te ātete rakuraku.
* NCS (Pūnaha Hononga Hou, Peita Momo Hononga Hou): He peita kore-melamine i hangaia mā te whakamaroke waikawa-epoxy ki runga i te kapia kiriaku. He tino ātete ki te waikawa, ki te rakuraku, me te ātete ki te paru.
- Te āheinga o te paninga o runga: Kia pai ai te mahi tāruarua o te paninga o runga e hiahiatia ana, he mea nui te āheinga pai o te peita (te whakakorikori, te rere, te kōhao iti, te maeneene, me ētahi atu). Mō tēnei, he mea nui kia whakarerekētia te whanonga matotoru i roto i te tukanga hanga kiriata maha mai i te peita ki te tunu me te whakapakeke. He mea nui anō hoki ngā āhuatanga taiao peita pēnei i te pāmahana, te haumākū, me te tere o te hau o te whare peita.
1) Te matotoru o te kapia: te taumaha ngota, te hototahitanga (tawhā wairewa: te uara SP)
2) Tae: mimiti hinu, kukū tae (PWC), rahi matūriki marara
3) Ngā Tāpiri: te kaihoko matotoru, te kaihoko whakataurite, te kaihoko whakakore huka, te aukati wehewehe tae, me ētahi atu.
4) Te tere o te whakamaroke: te kukū o ngā rōpū mahi i roto i te kapia turanga, te tauhohenga o te kaihoko honohono
Hei tāpiritanga, he nui te pānga o te matotoru o te kiriata paninga ki te āhua o te paninga o runga. Nō nā tata nei, nā te mea he matū matotoru hanganga pērā i te microgel ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga rere me te whakataurite, ā, ka whakapai ake te āhua o te paninga matotoru i te āhua o te paninga.
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- Te ātete ki te huarere o te paninga o runga: Ahakoa e pāngia ana ngā motuka i roto i ngā taiao rerekē, ka pāngia te paninga o runga e te mārama, te wai, te hāora, te wera, me ētahi atu. Nō reira, he maha ngā āhuatanga kino ka puta, ka whakararu i te ataahua.
1) Ngā āhuatanga whatu
* Te hekenga o te kanapa: Ka pakaru te maeneene o te mata o te kiriata paninga, ā, ka piki ake te whakaata marara o te mārama mai i te mata. He mea nui te hanganga o te kapia, engari kei reira anō te pānga o te tae.
* Te Hurihanga o te Tae: Ka rerekē te tae o te paninga tuatahi i runga i te pakeketanga o te tae, te kapia rānei i roto i te kiriata paninga. Mō ngā tono motuka, me whiriwhiri te tae tino ātete ki te huarere.
2) ngā āhuatanga ā-mīhini
* Ngā Kapiti: Ka puta ngā kapiti i te paparanga mata o te kiriata paninga, i te kiriata paninga katoa rānei nā te panonitanga o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te kiriata paninga nā te photooxidation, te hydrolysis rānei (te whakahekenga o te roa, te piri, me ētahi atu) me te ahotea o roto. Ina koa, ka puta tēnei i roto i te kiriata paninga mārama whakarewa, ā, hei tāpiri atu ki te whakatikatika i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te kiriata paninga o te hanganga o te kapia kiriaku me te whakatikatika i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te kiriata paninga, he whai hua te whakamahinga o te ngongo ultraviolet me te antioxidant.
* Te tihorenga: Ka tihorea te kiriata paninga nā te hekenga o te piri o te kiriata paninga, te hekenga rānei o ngā āhuatanga rheological, me te mahi a ngā kaha o waho pēnei i te tauhiuhi, te wiri rānei o ngā kōhatu.
3) te āhuatanga matū
* Te poke o te paru: Ki te piri te pungarehu, te tinana pepeke, te ua waikawa rānei ki te mata o te kiriata paninga, ka paru te wāhanga, ka huri hei ira. Me pania he tae me te kapia ātete-rakuraku, ātete-kawakore. Ko tētahi o ngā take e pania ai te paninga mārama ki te tae whakarewa, hei tiaki i te paura konumohe.
- Ngā wero ā muri ake nei mō te paninga o runga: Kei te piki haere te hiranga o te ataahua me te hoahoa ki te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga arumoni o ngā motuka. I te aro atu ki te kanorau o ngā tono me ngā huringa o ngā rauemi pēnei i te kirihou, me aro atu ki ngā tono pāpori pēnei i te hekenga o te taiao e pāngia ana e te motuka me te whakaiti i te parahanga o te hau. I raro i ēnei āhuatanga, kei te whakaarohia ngā momo paninga o runga mō te motuka e whai ake nei.
Kia tirohia ake ngā tukanga peita o ngā waka, kia kite ai tātou he aha te hiranga o te whakawhiti wera me te papatipu. Ko te tukanga peita whānui mō ngā waka e whai ake nei.
① Te Maimoatanga i mua
② Te whakapūtanga hiko (te paninga o raro)
③ Te peita hiri
④ Paninga i raro i te paninga
⑤ peita ware pi
⑥ Pānui Ārai-Maramara
⑦ Pānui
⑧ Koti Runga
⑨ Te tango me te whakakanapa i ngā hapa
E 20 hāora te roa o te tukanga hanga waka, ā, 10 hāora o roto, arā, ko te haurua, e 10 hāora te roa o te tukanga kua whakarārangihia i runga ake nei. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā tukanga tino nui ko te maimoatanga o mua, te paninga hiko (paninga raro), te paninga tuatahi, me te paninga o runga. Kia arotahi tātou ki ēnei tukanga.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi-08-2022
