Ina kite koe i tētahi motuka, ko tō whakaaro tuatahi pea ko te tae o te tinana. I ēnei rā, ko te whai peita kanapa ataahua tētahi o ngā paerewa matua mō te hanga motuka. Engari neke atu i te kotahi rau tau ki muri, ehara i te mea ngāwari te peita i tētahi motuka, ā, kāore i tino ataahua i tōna āhua o ēnei rā. I pēhea te whanaketanga o te peita motuka ki tōna whānuitanga o ēnei rā? Mā Surley koe e kōrero ki te hītori o te whanaketanga o te hangarau paninga peita motuka.
Tekau hēkona hei mārama i te tuhinga katoa:
1,Rākerii ahu mai i Haina, i ārahi te Hauāuru i muri i te hurihanga ahumahi.
2, Ka pōturi te maroke o te peita taketake, ka pā ki te whai huatanga o te tukanga hangahanga motuka, i hangaia e DuPont te whakamaroke terepeita nitro.
3, ngā pū rehuwhakakapi i ngā paraihe, kia ōrite ake ai te tae o te kiriata peita.
4, Mai i te alkyd ki te acrylic, kei te haere tonu te whai i te pakari me te kanorau.
5, Mai i te "rehu" ki te "paninga tō"me te kaukau racquer, ko te whai tonu i te kounga o te peita ka tae mai ki te phosphateing me te electrodeposition inaianei.
6, Whakakapinga kipeita waii te whai i te tiaki taiao.
7, Ināianei me ngā rā kei te heke mai, kei te piki haere te hangarau peita ki tua atu i te whakaaro,ahakoa kāore he peita.
Ko te mahi matua a te peita he ārai i te koroheketanga
Ko te tirohanga a te nuinga o te tangata ki te mahi a te peita he hoatu i ngā tae kanapa ki ngā taonga, engari mai i te tirohanga ahumahi, he mea tuarua te tae; ko te waikura me te ārai i te koroheketanga te kaupapa matua. Mai i ngā rā o mua o te whakakotahitanga o te rino me te rakau ki te tinana ma o ēnei rā, me peita te tinana o te motuka hei paparanga tiaki. Ko ngā wero e pā ana ki te paparanga peita ko te kakahu me te haehae taiao pērā i te rā, te onepu me te ua, ngā kino tinana pērā i te waru, te mirimiri me te tukinga, me te horo pērā i te tote me te paru kararehe. I roto i te whanaketanga o te hangarau peita, kei te āta whanake haere te tukanga, kei te pai haere, kei te pakari haere, kei te ataahua hoki ngā kiri o te tinana kia pai ake ai te whakatau i ēnei wero.
Rākeri mai i Haina
He roa rawa te hītori o te peita rēki, ā, he mea whakama, nō Haina te tūranga matua i roto i te hangarau peita rēki i mua i te Huringa Ahumahi. I tīmata te whakamahinga o te peita rēki i te wā Neolithic, ā, i muri i te wā o ngā Whenua Pakanga, i whakamahia e ngā kaimahi toi te hinu tung i tangohia mai i ngā purapura o te rākau tung, ā, i tāpirihia te peita mata tūturu hei hanga i te ranunga peita, ahakoa i taua wā he taonga papai te peita rēki mā ngā rangatira. Whai muri i te whakatūnga o te Ming Dynasty, ka tīmata a Zhu Yuanzhang ki te whakatū i tētahi umanga peita rēki kāwanatanga, ā, ka tere te whanaketanga o te hangarau peita. Ko te mahi tuatahi a Haina mō te hangarau peita, "Te Pukapuka Peita", i titoa e Huang Cheng, he kaihanga peita rēki i te Ming Dynasty. Nā te whanaketanga hangarau me te hokohoko ā-roto me waho, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā mea peita rēki tētahi pūnaha ahumahi ringaringa pakari i te Ming Dynasty.
Ko te peita hinu tung tino matatau o te Ming Dynasty te mea nui ki te hanga kaipuke. I roto i te "History of the Greater China Empire" i kīia e te tohunga Pāniora o te rautau 16, a Mendoza, e rua ngā wā roa ake o ngā kaipuke Hainamana i pania ki te hinu tung i ērā o ngā kaipuke Pākehā.
I waenganui o te rautau 18, ka pakaru a Ūropi i te hangarau peita hinu tung, ā, ka āta whanake te umanga peita Ūropi. Ko te hinu tung, i tua atu i te whakamahinga mō te peita rai, he rauemi mata nui anō hoki mō ētahi atu ahumahi, i raro tonu i te mana o Haina, ā, i noho hei rauemi mata ahumahi nui mō ngā hurihanga ahumahi e rua tae noa ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i te wā i whanake ai ngā rākau tung i whakatōkia ki Amerika Te Raki me Amerika Te Tonga, ā, i pakaru ai te mana o Haina ki te whakahaere rauemi mata.
Kāore e roa te whakamaroke ki te 50 rā
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i hangaia tonutia ngā motuka mā te whakamahi i ngā peita taketake tūturu pērā i te hinu rīneni hei here.
Ahakoa ko Ford, te kaihautū o te raina hanga waka, i whakamahi noa i te peita pango Hapanihi tae noa ki te mutunga rawa kia tere ai te hanga nā te mea he tere rawa te maroke, engari he peita tūturu tonu, ā, neke atu i te wiki te roa e maroke ai te paparanga peita.
I te tekau tau atu i 1920, i mahi a DuPont i tētahi peita nitrocellulose maroke tere (arā, he peita nitrocellulose) i meinga ai ngā kaihanga motuka kia menemene, ā, kāore i hiahiatia kia mahi i ngā motuka he roa te huringa peita.
I te tau 1921, kua noho kē a DuPont hei kaiārahi i roto i te hanga kiriata kiriata nitrate, i te mea kua tahuri ki ngā hua kore-pahū i ahu mai i te nitrocellulose hei mimiti i ngā whare nui i hangaia e ia i te wā o te pakanga. I tētahi ahiahi wera o te Paraire i te marama o Hūrae 1921, i waiho e tētahi kaimahi i tētahi wheketere kiriata DuPont tētahi oko muka miro nitrate ki runga i te tauranga i mua i tana wehenga atu i te mahi. I tana whakatuwheratanga anō i te ata o te Mane, i kitea e ia kua huri te peere hei wai mārama, matotoru, ā, i muri mai ka waiho hei pūtake mō te peita nitrocellulose. I te tau 1924, i whakawhanakehia e DuPont te peita nitrocellulose DUCO, mā te whakamahi i te nitrocellulose hei rauemi mata matua, me te tāpiri i ngā kapia hangai, ngā mea hanga kirihou, ngā whakarewa me ngā mea angiangi hei whakaranu. Ko te painga nui o te peita nitrocellulose ko te tere o te maroke, ki te whakataurite ki te peita turanga taiao e kotahi wiki, e rua wiki rānei te roa o te maroke o te peita nitrocellulose, e rua noa ngā hāora te roa o te maroke, ka tere ake te peita. I te tau 1924, tata ki ngā raina whakaputa katoa o General Motors i whakamahi i te peita nitrocellulose Duco.
He āhua noa iho, he ngoikoretanga anō hoki tō te peita nitrocellulose. Mēnā ka rehuhia ki te taiao makuku, ka ngāwari te huri mā o te kiriata, ka ngaro tōna kanapa. He ngoikore te ātete o te mata peita kua hangaia ki ngā whakarewa hinu, pērā i te penehīni, ka taea te kino i te mata peita, ā, ko te hau hinu e turuturu ana i te wā e whakakī ana i te hinu ka tere ake te pirau o te mata peita e karapoti ana.
Te whakakapinga o ngā paraihe ki ngā pū rehu hei whakaoti i ngā paparanga peita kāore i te ōrite
Haunga ngā āhuatanga o te peita tonu, he mea tino nui anō hoki te tikanga peita mō te kaha me te roa o te mata peita. He tohu nui te whakamahinga o ngā pū rehu i roto i te hītori o te hangarau peita. I whakaurua katoatia te pū rehu ki te ao peita ahumahi i te tau 1923, ā, ki te umanga motuka i te tau 1924.
Nā te whānau DeVilbiss i whakatū a DeVilbiss, he kamupene rongonui o te ao e tohunga ana ki te hangarau atomization. Nō muri mai, ka whānau mai te tama a Alan DeVilbiss, a Tom DeVilbiss. Nā te tama a Tākuta Alan DeVilbiss, a Tom DeVilbiss, i kawe te mahi auaha a tōna matua ki tua atu i te mara hauora. Nā DeVilbiss i kawe ngā mahi auaha a tōna matua ki tua atu i te mara hauora, ā, ka hurihia te atomizer taketake hei pū rehu mō te paninga peita.
I roto i te ao peita ahumahi, kei te tere te tawhito haere o ngā paraihe e ngā pū rehu. Neke atu i te 100 tau a deVilbiss e mahi ana i roto i te ao o te atomization, ā, ko ia te kaiārahi i roto i te ao o ngā pū rehu ahumahi me ngā atomizer hauora.
Mai i te alkyd ki te acrylic, he pakari ake, he kaha ake
I ngā tau 1930, i whakaurua te peita enamel kapia alkyd, e kiia nei ko te peita enamel alkyd, ki roto i te tukanga peita motuka. I rehuhia ngā wāhanga whakarewa o te tinana motuka ki tēnei momo peita, kātahi ka whakamarokehia ki roto i te oumu kia hanga he kiriata peita tino pakari. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā peita nitrocellulose, he tere ake te paninga o ngā peita enamel alkyd, e 2 ki te 3 noa ngā taahiraa e hiahiatia ana, ki te whakatauritea ki te 3 ki te 4 ngā taahiraa mō ngā peita nitrocellulose. Ehara i te mea ka tere te maroke o ngā peita enamel, engari he ātete hoki ki ngā whakarewa pēnei i te penehīni.
Ko te ngoikoretanga o ngā enamel alkyd, heoi, he wehi i te rā, ā, i te rā ka tere te waikura o te kiriata peita, ā, ka memeha haere te tae, ka pōuriuri, i ētahi wā ka taea tēnei mahi i roto i ētahi marama noa iho. Ahakoa ō rātou ngoikoretanga, kāore anō kia tino whakakorehia ngā kapia alkyd, ā, he wāhanga nui tonu o te hangarau paninga o ēnei rā. I puta mai ngā peita kiriaku thermoplastic i ngā tau 1940, i tino whakapai ake i te whakapaipai me te pakari o te whakaotinga, ā, i te tau 1955, ka tīmata a General Motors ki te peita i ngā motuka ki te kapia kiriaku hou. He ahurei te rheology o tēnei peita, ā, me rehu i te iti o te ihirangi totoka, nō reira me maha ngā paninga. He painga tēnei āhuatanga āhua kino i taua wā nā te mea i taea ai te whakauru i ngā konganuku whakarewa ki roto i te paninga. I rehuhia te wanihi kiriaku ki te matotoru tīmatanga tino iti, ka taea ai te whakawhāiti i ngā konganuku whakarewa ki raro hei hanga i tētahi paparanga whakaata, kātahi ka tere te piki o te matotoru hei pupuri i ngā konganuku whakarewa ki te wāhi. Nō reira, ka whānau mai te peita konganuku.
He mea tika kia mōhiotia i tēnei wā i kitea te whanaketanga ohorere o te hangarau peita kiriaku i Ūropi. I ahu mai tēnei i ngā here i whakatakotoria ki ngā whenua o te Kotahitanga o Ūropi i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i aukati i te whakamahinga o ētahi rauemi matū i roto i te hanga ahumahi, pērā i te nitrocellulose, he rauemi mata e hiahiatia ana mō te peita nitrocellulose, ka taea te whakamahi hei hanga pahū. Nā tēnei here, ka tīmata ngā kamupene o ēnei whenua ki te arotahi ki te hangarau peita enamel, me te whakawhanake i tētahi pūnaha peita urethane kiriaku. I te taenga mai o ngā peita Ūropi ki te United States i te tau 1980, he tawhiti rawa ngā pūnaha peita motuka o Amerika i ngā whakataetae Ūropi.
He tukanga aunoa mō te whakapūkara me te whakapūkara hiko hei whakatutuki i te kounga peita matatau.
I ngā tekau tau e rua i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, he wā i piki ake ai te kounga o ngā paninga tinana. I taua wā i te Hononga o Amerika, haunga te kawe waka, he āhuatanga anō hoki tō ngā motuka ki te whakapai ake i te mana pāpori, nō reira i hiahia ngā kaipupuri motuka kia ātaahua ake te āhua o ā rātou motuka, kia kanapa ake te peita, kia ataahua ake hoki ngā tae.
Mai i te tau 1947, ka tīmata ngā kamupene motuka ki te whakapūkara i ngā mata whakarewa i mua i te peita, hei huarahi ki te whakapai ake i te piri me te ātete ki te waikura o te peita. I hurihia hoki te paninga tuatahi mai i te rehu ki te paninga tō, arā, ka tōia ngā wāhanga tinana ki roto i te puna peita, kia ōrite ake ai, kia whānui ake ai te paninga, kia taea ai hoki te peita i ngā wāhi uaua ki te tae atu pērā i ngā poka.
I ngā tau 1950, i kitea e ngā kamupene motuka ahakoa i whakamahia te tikanga paninga tōpana, ka horoia tonutia tetahi wāhanga o te peita i roto i te tukanga i muri mai me ngā whakarewa, ka whakaiti i te whai huatanga o te aukati waikura. Hei whakaoti i tēnei raruraru, i te tau 1957, ka mahi tahi a Ford me PPG i raro i te kaiārahi a Tākuta George Brewer. I raro i te kaiārahi a Tākuta George Brewer, i whakawhanakehia e Ford me PPG te tikanga paninga whakanoho hiko e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ēnei rā.
I whakatūria e Ford te toa peita hiko anodic tuatahi o te ao i te tau 1961. Heoi, he hapa te hangarau tuatahi, ā, i whakaurua e PPG tētahi pūnaha paninga hiko cathodic pai rawa atu me ngā paninga e rite ana i te tau 1973.
Kia roa te peita, kia ataahua hoki, kia iti ai te parahanga o te peita wai.
I waenganui ki te mutunga o ngā tau 70, i pā nui te mōhiotanga ki te penapena pūngao me te tiaki taiao i puta mai i te raruraru hinu ki te umanga peita. I roto i ngā tau 80, i whakatinanahia e ngā whenua he ture hou mō ngā matū waro mimiti (VOC), ā, i kore ai e whakaaetia e te mākete ngā paninga peita kiriaku he nui te ihirangi VOC me te ngoikore o te pakari. Hei tāpiri, e matapaetia ana hoki e ngā kaihoko ka roa te pānga o te peita tinana mō te iti rawa o te 5 tau, me aro atu ki te pakari o te whakaotinga peita.
I te mea ko te paparanga rākeri mārama hei paparanga tiaki, kāore e hiahiatia kia matotoru te peita tae o roto pērā i mua, he paparanga tino angiangi noa iho e hiahiatia ana mō ngā mahi whakapaipai. Ka tāpirihia hoki ngā ārai hihi UV ki te paparanga rākeri hei tiaki i ngā tae i roto i te paparanga mārama me te paninga, ka roa ake te ora o te paninga me te peita tae.
He utu nui te tikanga peita i te tīmatanga, ā, ko te tikanga he mea whakamahi noa iho i ngā tauira papai. Waihoki, he ngoikore te pakari o te paninga mārama, ā, ka tere te pakarukaru, ka hiahiatia he peita anō. Heoi, i te tekau tau i muri mai, i mahi te umanga motuka me te umanga peita ki te whakapai ake i te hangarau paninga, ehara i te mea mā te whakaiti i te utu anake engari mā te whakawhanake i ngā maimoatanga mata hou ake i whakapai ake i te roa o te wā o te paninga mārama.
Te hangarau peita whakamiharo haere tonu
Ko te whanaketanga whānui o te paninga ā muri ake nei, e whakapono ana ētahi o te umanga he hangarau kore-peita. Kua uru tēnei hangarau ki roto i ō tātou oranga, ā, kua whakamahia e ngā anga o ngā taputapu o ia rā me ngā taputapu o te kāinga te hangarau kore-peita. Ka tāpirihia e ngā anga te tae e rite ana o te paura konganuku taumata-nano ki te tukanga werohanga, ka hanga tika i ngā anga me ngā tae kanapa me te kakano konganuku, kāore e hiahiatia kia pania, ka whakaiti nui i te parahanga e puta mai ana i te peita. Heoi anō, he whānuitia hoki te whakamahinga i roto i ngā motuka, pērā i te whakapaipai, te mata o te matapihi, ngā anga whakaata whakamuri, me ētahi atu.
He rite tonu te kaupapa e whakamahia ana i roto i te rāngai whakarewa, arā, ā muri ake nei, ko ngā rauemi whakarewa kāore i peitahia, kua whai paparanga tiaki, kua whai paparanga tae rānei i te wheketere. Kei te whakamahia tēnei hangarau i roto i ngā rāngai rererangi me te ope taua i tēnei wā, engari he tawhiti tonu i te wātea mō te whakamahinga a te iwi whānui, ā, kāore e taea te tuku i te whānuitanga o ngā tae.
WhakarāpopototangaMai i ngā paraihe ki ngā pū ki ngā karetao, mai i te peita tipu taiao ki te peita matū hangarau-teitei, mai i te whai i te whai huatanga ki te whai i te kounga ki te whai i te hauora o te taiao, kāore anō kia mutu te whai i te hangarau peita i roto i te umanga motuka, ā, kei te piki haere te taumata o te hangarau. Ko ngā kaipeita i mau paraihe i mua, ā, i mahi i roto i te taiao uaua, kāore e whakaaro kua tino matatau te peita motuka o ēnei rā, ā, kei te whanake tonu. Ko te heke mai he wā e pai ake ana ki te taiao, e mohio ana, e whai hua ana.
Wā tuku: 20-Ākuhata-2022
